Soil born pathogens and their management

Soil born pathogens are those which lives in soil and prdoce diseases in field crops which we called soil born diseases.Mostly the soil born pathogens belongs to the kingdom fungi.  Vegitables are most vulnureable to soil born pathogens along with some important major crops. They mostly enter in the the plants through roots by penitrating them whith the help of special type of structures called stachel and rohar.
Some important soil born pathogens are:

• Fusarium
• Verticillim
• Seclerotia
• Rhyzactonia
• Pythium
• Armirilla
• Phytophthora

Symptoms 
The effected plants show symptoms which can be identified easily like;

• wilting                                                   
                                                                 
• stunted growth
• rottening
• yellowing of leaves
• small size fruit
• damaged roots
• distorted shape of fruit

Management

the soil born pathogens can be managed by:

• good cultural paractices like tillage, removing of stabbles after harvesting the crop.
• Soil solarization.
• mulching.
• avoid over irrigation.
• removing of broken leaves and other parts of plants from the field.
• use of correct dose of fungicides avoide overdose and underdose.
• resistant verieties.
• biological control

Organic farming

Organic farming is the method of crop and livestock production without using pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, genetically modified organisms and hormones.  Organic farming is the best way to support the biodiversity, less soil degradation.
Organically grown vegitables and fruits are more safe and healthy than the genetically modified and hybrid vegitables and fruits because in this system we did not use hormones and pesticides which minimizes the chances of accumulation of toxic substances and provides us good nutrition and healthy food.

The principles of organis farming are:

• A sustainable agriculture system
• Use of natural fertilizers like dead organic matter and compost
• Minimizing the soil,air,water and environmental pollution by avoiding the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides 
• Maximizing the production of crops specially fruits and vegitables
• Organic farming system also supports the predator insects of various agricultural insect pests
• It also gives chance to the social insects to play their most important role of pollinaton